The Feeling of Being Raped Again Refers to the Woman Victims
Introduction
Sexual crimes are one of the most violent crimes that tin can be committed against individuals. The furnishings of such crimes on the victims remain for a long time and sometimes are never erased.[i] Rape a sexual intercourse is defined as a child or adult (vaginal, oral, or anal) performed with a penis, finger, or other objects. Rape occurs when the victim consents to fearfulness of death or injury, or when the drug is administered past force[ii] and through compulsion, intimidation, or deception.[1] Sexual crime is one of the forensic topics and one of the problems of today's civilized societies,[3] which is a mutual and important issue in the field of public health in developed and developing countries. This miracle also has serious consequences for women physically and mentally.[iv] Rape is a complex problem that has disturbing aspects such every bit medical, psychological and legal aspects. The prevalence of this trouble in the globe varies from thirteen to 39% in women and this rate is three% in men.[5] Statistics from the National Center for Women'due south Studies indicate that between 680,000 and ane.five million women are raped in the The states each year.[6] The highest number of rapes has been announced in the Congo and in Iran the provinces of Tehran (one m six hundred and fifty sexual crimes per twelvemonth) and Qom annually (1556 sex crimes) with the highest rate of reported rapes is.[7] The psychological effects subsequently rape are many and include aggression, low, phobias, retentiveness disorders and suicide.[eight nine] A written report by the World Health System shows that 1 woman is raped every 5 min, and that these women are more than likely than women who have non been raped to suffer from depression, suicide attempts, chronic anxiety, aggression, and problems. They are related to substance corruption, phobias, low cocky-esteem, guilt, self-blame and pessimism. A set of symptoms including fright, helplessness, shock, guilt, phobia, embarrassment, assailment and self-arraign are seen in these people.[x] Beingness of diverse emotional pressures will increment the gamble of mental breakdown and will harm mental health, every bit a consequence, the person is not able to carry in harmony and harmony with social club and maintain his mental health.[11]
One of the psychological effects of rape is phobia. Astringent or morbid fear, known in psychology equally fear or phobia. Aggression has many physical, psychological and social effects. Information technology is a morbid and persistent type of fear in a person that disrupts daily life. It causes symptoms such as feelings of helplessness, loneliness, social incompatibility, condone for the rights and wishes of others. Curt-term problems caused by phobias include headache, stomach pain, back and shoulder pain, palpitations, sweating, tremors, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fainting, deep fatigue, long-term problems include: stress, feet, inability Social, educational, occupational and marital, but in whatever case, each of these affects the ability to be happy and healthy. What has made researchers pay attention to phobias, the consequences of such behaviors such equally: creating the negative image among others is rejection by others, bookish failure, drug use and social deviance in general. Beingness raped has significant emotional effects on victims, such as feelings of helplessness, feelings of anger, feelings of fright and especially loss of attractiveness in rape victims, disability to trust others, constant preoccupation with crime, and feelings of powerlessness Justice in the globe.[12] Gitighoreishi[13] in 2007 showed that the victims did not feel salubrious and were afraid, anxious and aggressive. Hebert et al.[14] Found that adolescent girls had higher clinical levels of mail-rape stress symptoms than boys. The results of other researches too confirmed that Chen et al.[15] Besides found a statistically significant association between sexual abuse and phobia, low, and suicide attempt.[16 17] Due to the fact that not enough studies accept been done in this field so far and due to the serious effects of rape, we decided to conduct a study to make up one's mind the frequency of phobias and its sub-indicators and the correlation between rape and phobia in female victims of rape. Refer to Isfahan Forensic Medicine Center in 2014.
Materials and Methods
This descriptive study was conducted in 2014. The written report population included all female rape victims referred to forensic medicine in Isfahan province, from which 93 people were selected using bachelor random sampling method. The researcher get-go referred to the forensic medicine middle of Isfahan province and randomly selected those who met the inclusion criteria. The minimum sample size in this study was 93 samples which was calculated according to the post-obit formula:.
After obtaining the necessary permits, sampling was beginning performed from Isfahan Forensic Medicine Center. Inclusion criteria included no previous experience of rape, no mental illness, no experience of a tragic accident of loved ones during the past 3 months. Data collection tool was Demographic Characteristics [Table one] Questionnaire including questions on age, educational activity, occupation, income, parents 'occupation, parents' pedagogy, number of family members, marital status and 90 SCL Mental Health Questionnaire prepared by Dragotis et al. in 1973 and 9 indicators. Measures low, paranoia, phobia, psychosis, anxiety, self-morbidity, obsession and aggression. The questions of this questionnaire examine the mental state of the individual. The v-bespeak Likert calibration (none-little-somewhat-high-very high) was used for scoring. A score of (1-0) indicates a mild phobia, a score of (1-3) indicates a moderate phobia, and a score of (three-4) indicates a severe phobia. seven Phobia Indices Unreasonable fear, fear of going out, fear of fainting in public, fear of the market, fear of traveling, anxiety, feeling of alienation, are examined in this questionnaire. The validity of this questionnaire was 72%[eighteen] and its reliability in 2007 by Fooladvand was 91% using the halving method.[nineteen] In this written report, the retest method was used to evaluate the reliability of the scl-ninety questionnaire questions. For this purpose, the questionnaire was completed by ten qualified samples and and so ten days subsequently, the questionnaire was completed again by the aforementioned people and the correlation between the answers was measured. The results were consistent with 94% of the scientific validity of the data drove tool. Besides, Cronbach'due south alpha coefficient in this study was estimated to be 0.92. Questionnaires were filled out for people who have not been raped for more than 3 months. Ethical considerations in this research were every bit follows: (1) obtaining permission from the Vice Chancellor for Didactics of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and the code of ethics from the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti Academy of Medical Sciences to innovate to enquiry centers. (2) Submitting a written alphabetic character of introduction by the researcher to inquiry centers. (3) Explicate the nature, purpose, benefits and duration of research to all enquiry units and obtain informed and written consent from them. (4) Answering the questions of enquiry units during, before and after research. (5) Observance of allegiance and honesty during the research and in the report 6. Ensure research units keep information obtained. (vii) Explicate to research units about freedom to participate or not participate in inquiry and withdraw from research whenever they wish. (8) Refer victims of rape to relevant centers in If needed (in case of low, stress, etc.). Information were analyzed using SPSS-17 and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine the frequency of aggression and Spearman correlation tests, independent t test and ane-fashion analysis of variance.
Demographic information of the rape victim
Findings
Every bit can be seen in the table below, the mean and standard deviation of the historic period of the victims was 23.38. 3.40. Most of the victims were in the age range of 23 to 27 years, which was 46 or 49.5%. In terms of education level, 44 (47.3%) of the victims had associate degrees. 82 (88.two%) of the victims were single. The income level of 72 people (77.4%) of the victims was less than 500 one thousand and 21 people (22.six%) had an income between 500 thousand to i million.
As can be seen in Table 2, 37 (39.8%) percent of the fathers of the victims had a diploma and 60 (64.v%) of the mothers of the victims had a diploma. 41 (44.one) of the fathers of the victims were neither workers nor employees and were divided according to the job classification scale amid other cases. Well-nigh of the mothers of the victims were 60 (64.5%) housewives and 85 (51.6%) lived in families with a medium population
Demographic information of the family of the rape victim
9.1% (8 people) of balmy phobia (scores 1–0), 79.5% (70 people) moderate phobia (score 3-one) and 11.4% (10 people) severe phobia they had. This index has 7 subindices, among which fearfulness of travel and unreasonable fear are seen as very high in more than 50% of cases.
According to Tabular array 3 of vii sub-index related to phobia, 38.vi% (34 people) of the studied units had a very loftier level of fear of the market. 52.iii% (46 people) had a very high level of unreasonable fear. 52.3% (46 people) fear of traveling, 51.1% (45 people) broken-hearted, 46.6% (41 people) fear of going out alone, 12.v% (11 people) and feeling alienated and 1.1% (1 person) fright of fainting They were together.
Frequency of phobia index in victims
To evaluate the relationship between rape and phobia in victims, Spearman correlation coefficient was used, which showed a positive and pregnant correlation between paranoia and rape (P < 0.001), so that the prevalence of phobia in those who were raped was moderate to high.
Discussion
In this written report, the mean age of the victims was 23–27, which was virtually consequent with the studies of Gitighoreishi[xiii] and Kharamin et al.[twenty] and Alklayat et al. He was nether 24 years old, which was lower than our study.[21 22] and in the study of Hutching and Dutton,[23] information technology was 34 years, which is higher than our study. If nosotros look, we encounter that the average age of people who accept been raped is lower than in the past, maybe considering these people take more freedom from their parents than in the past. In this report, most of the raped women were single and divorced and married women were in the adjacent ranks, which was consistent with the studies of Gitighoreishi[thirteen] and different from the study of Hutching and Dutton[23] in 1997, in which Almost of the women who were raped were married. This may be due to the fact that the liberty of single women has increased compared to the past, and then these people are more at gamble. In terms of education level in our report, well-nigh people had associate degrees, which did not match the results of studies, Kharamin et al.[20] and Hutching and Dutton,[23] when virtually people had undergraduate education. The number of educated people in the society has increased compared to the past. The results of this study showed that there was a statistically pregnant relationship between sexual abuse and phobia, which is consistent with the results of a study past Chen et al.[xv] The results of our study showed that phobias in women subsequently rape are significantly which is similar to the results of Nickerson et al.[16] The results of our study showed that rape in women is associated with short-term and long-term psychological and psychiatric effects such as phobia, which is consistent with the results of a report by Mirzai et al.[17] The results of our study showed that those who were sexually abused had mood disorders and a loftier level of phobia in these people, which is consequent with the study of Hutching and Dutton[23]. The results of the present study testify that the rate of mental disorders in victims is higher than usual, which is consistent with the results of the study of Kharamin et al.[20] and Alklayat et al.[21] Amongst the limitations of this study were the lack of cooperation of the participants and the lack of right answers to the questions due to creating a sense of shame and embarrassment and exposing them to rape.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that 32.3% of the victims had mild mental disorders, 64.five% had moderate mental disorders and one.i% had severe mental disorders. Also, about of the psychological symptoms seen in these people were phobia, depression, and aggression. Overall, the results of our report testify that victims of sexual abuse had phobias and the bulk of people (lxx people) showed moderate phobias (scores 1–3) and early diagnosis and treatment of this disorder is a dandy help to victims. Information technology will endanger the psyche of individuals in the customs, and to forbid this miracle, educational and preventive interventions should exist expanded at the community level and family unit and social networks should be strengthened. Therefore, it is recommended that due to the serious complications of rape, victims who have suffered psychological impairment exist identified and given psychotherapy and behavioral therapy to reduce the serious complications of this incident.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they take obtained all advisable patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/take given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients sympathize that their names and initials will non be published and due efforts will be made to muffle their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Fiscal support and sponsorship
Zero.
Conflicts of involvement
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This article is taken from the chief'due south thesis of midwifery with the orientation of legal midwifery and with the code of ethics SBMU2.REC.1394.97. We would like to give thanks the Vice Chancellor for Research of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services and the Forensic Medicine Organization of Isfahan Province and all those who helped the researchers during the.
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Keywords:
Phobia; sexual assail; women
Source: https://journals.lww.com/jfmpc/Fulltext/2022/02000/Frequency_of_phobia_among_sexual_assault_victims.12.aspx
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